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Egypt



 


Tree: Geneagraphie

Country : Latitude: 26.820553, Longitude: 30.802498000000014

Tree: Nederlandse voorouders

Notes:
Egypt (Egyptian: km.t ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Kīmi ; Arabic: مصر Miṣr ; Egyptian Arabic: Máṣr), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in North Africa that includes the Sinai Peninsula, a land bridge to Asia. Covering an area of about 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,560 square miles), Egypt borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. The northern coast borders the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern coast borders the Red Sea.



Egypt is the fifteenth most populous country in the world, and the second most populous country in Africa (after Nigeria). The vast majority of its 76.5 million people (2007) live near the banks of the Nile River (about 40,000 km² or 15,450 sq miles) where the only arable agricultural land is found. Large areas of land form part of the Sahara Desert and are sparsely inhabited. Around half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with the majority spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo (the largest city in the Arab World, Africa, and the Middle East), Alexandria and other major towns in the Nile Delta.



Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most ancient and important monuments, including the Giza Pyramids and the Great Sphinx of Giza; the southern city of Luxor contains a particularly large number of ancient artifacts such as the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings. Today, Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and cultural centre of the Middle East.



Etymology



One of the ancient Egyptian names of the country, km.t, or "black land", is derived from the fertile black soils deposited by the Nile floods, distinct from the 'red land' (dSr.t) of the desert. The name is realized as kīmi and kīmə in the Coptic stage of the Egyptian language, and appeared in early Greek as Kymeía.



Miṣr, the Arabic and official name for modern Egypt (Egyptian Arabic: Maṣr), is of Semitic origin directly cognate with the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim), meaning "the two straits" (a reference to the dynastic separation of upper and lower Egypt), and possibly means "a country" or "a state". Miṣr in Arabic also means "a country" or "a state" or "frontier-land".



The English name "Egypt" came via the Latin word Aegyptus derived from the ancient Greek word Αίγυπτος (Aigyptos). The term was adopted into Coptic as gyptios, and from there into Arabic as qubt (whence again English Copt). It has been suggested that the word is a corruption of the ancient Egyptian phrase ḥwt-k3-ptḥ meaning "home of the Ka (Soul) of Ptah", the name of a temple of the god Ptah at Memphis. According to Strabo, Αίγυπτος (Aigyptos), in ancient Greek meant "below the Aegean" (Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως, Aegaeon uptiōs").



History



The Nile Valley has been a site of continuous human habitation since at least the Paleolithic era. Traces of these early peoples appear in the form of artifacts and rock carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had been replaced by another culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers using stone tools. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, eventually forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society.



By about 6000 BC, organized agriculture and large building construction had appeared in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to Dynastic Egyptian civilization. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining somewhat culturally separate, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appear during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.



A unified kingdom was founded circa 3150 BC by King Menes, giving rise to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptians subsequently referred to their unified country as tAwy, meaning 'Two Lands'; and later km.t (Coptic: Kīmi), the 'Black Land', a reference to the fertile black soil deposited by the Nile river. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, c.2700−2200 BC., famous for its many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids.



The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first alien ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC, and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were eventually driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.



The New Kingdom (c.1550−1070 BC) began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Jebel Barkal in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is known for some of the most well-known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first known self-conscious expression of monotheism came during this period in the form of Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought in new ideas in the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians drove them out and regained control of their country.



The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It fell to the Persians in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, was defeated in battle. Later, Egypt fell to the Greeks and Romans, beginning over two thousand years of foreign rule. Before Egypt became part of the Byzantine realm, Christianity had been brought by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the AD first century. Diocletian's reign marks the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted. The New Testament was by then translated into Egyptian, and after the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established.



The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the seventh century, until in AD 639, Egypt was invaded by the Muslim Arabs. The form of Islam the Arabs brought to Egypt was Sunni, though early in this period Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices that had survived through Coptic Christianity, giving rise to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries, including a period for which it was the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids. With the end of the Ayyubid dynasty, a Turco-Circassian military caste, the Mamluks, took control about AD 1250 and continued to govern even after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517.



The brief French Invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 had a great social impact on the country and its culture. Native Egyptians became exposed to the principles of the French Revolution and had an apparent chance to exercise self-governance. A series of civil wars took place between the Ottoman Turks, the Mamluks, and Albanian mercenaries following the evacuation of French troops, resulting in the Albanian Muhammad Ali (Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha) taking control of Egypt where he was appointed as the Ottoman viceroy in 1805. He led a modernization campaign of public works, including irrigation projects, agricultural reforms and increased industrialization, which were then taken up and further expanded by his grandson and successor Isma'il Pasha.



Following the completion of the Suez Canal by Ismail in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub. In 1866, the Assembly of Delegates was founded to serve as an advisory body for the government. Its members were elected from across Egypt and eventually they came to have an important influence on governmental affairs. The country also fell heavily into debt to European powers. Ostensibly to protect its investments, the United Kingdom seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914 when as a result of the declaration of war with the Ottoman Empire, Britain declared a protectorate over Egypt and deposed the Khedive Abbas II, replacing him with Husayn Kamil his uncle who was appointed Sultan of Egypt.



Between 1882 and 1906, a local nationalist movement for independence was taking shape. The Dinshaway Incident prompted Egyptian opposition to take a stronger stand against British occupation and the first political parties were founded. After the first World War, Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement after gaining a majority at the local Legislative Assembly. When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on March 8, 1919, Egypt witnessed its first modern revolution. Constant revolting by the Egyptian people throughout the country led Great Britain to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on February 22, 1922.



The new Egyptian government drafted and implemented a new constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary representative system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly-elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924, and in 1936 the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. However, continued instability in the government due to remaining British control and increasing involvement by the King in politics led to the eventual toppling of the monarchy and the dissolution of the parliament through a coup d'état by a group of army officers that came to be known as the 1952 Revolution. They forced King Farouk I to abdicate in support of his son King Ahmed Fouad II.



Between 1882 and 1906, a local nationalist movement for independence was taking shape. The Dinshaway Incident prompted Egyptian opposition to take a stronger stand against British occupation and the first political parties were founded. After the first World War, Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement after gaining a majority at the local Legislative Assembly. When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on March 8, 1919, Egypt witnessed its first modern revolution. Constant revolting by the Egyptian people throughout the country led Great Britain to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on February 22, 1922.



The new Egyptian government drafted and implemented a new constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary representative system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly-elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924, and in 1936 the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. However, continued instability in the government due to remaining British control and increasing involvement by the King in politics led to the eventual toppling of the monarchy and the dissolution of the parliament through a coup d'état by a group of army officers that came to be known as the 1952 Revolution. They forced King Farouk I to abdicate in support of his son King Ahmed Fouad II.



The Egyptian Nile Valley was home to one of the oldest cultures in the world, spanning three thousand years of continuous history. When Egypt fell under a series of foreign occupations after 343 BC, each left an indelible mark on the country's cultural landscape. Egyptian identity evolved in the span of this long period of occupation to accommodate in principal two new religions, Christianity and Islam, and a new language, Arabic and its spoken descendant, Egyptian Arabic. The degree with which these factors are estimated today by different groups in Egypt in articulating a sense of collective identity can vary greatly, and therefore continue to be a source of frequent debate.



Questions of identity came to fore in the last century as Egypt sought to free itself from foreign occupation for the first time in two thousand years. Three chief ideologies came to head and would eventually compete with one another (and continue to do so to this day): ethno-territorial Egyptian nationalism (and by extension Pharaonism), secular Arab nationalism (and by extension pan-Arabism) and Islamism. Egyptian nationalism predates its Arab counterpart by many decades, having roots in the nineteenth century and eventually becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists of the pre- and inter-war periods. It was nearly always articulated in exclusively Egyptian terms:



What is most significant about Egypt in that period is the absence of an Arab component in early Egyptian nationalism. The thrust of Egyptian political, economic, and cultural development throughout the nineteenth century worked against, rather than for, an "Arab" orientation... This situation—that of divergent political trajectories for Egyptians and Arabs—if anything increased after 1900.



In 1931, Syrian Arab nationalist intellectual Sati' al-Husri remarked in his memoir following a visit to Egypt, where he intended to propagate Arab nationalism, that "Egyptians did not possess an Arab nationalist sentiment; did not accept that Egypt was a part of the Arab lands, and would not acknowledge that the Egyptian people were part of the Arab nation." Incidentally, the later 1930s would become a formative period for Arab nationalism in Egypt, thanks in large part to efforts by Syrian/Palestinian/Lebanese intellectuals. Yet a year after the establishment of the League of Arab States in 1945 to be headquartered in Cairo, Oxford University historian H. S. Deighton was still writing:



The Egyptians are not Arabs, and both they and the Arabs are aware of this fact. They are Arabic-speaking, and they are Muslim—indeed religion plays a greater part in their lives than it does in those either of the Syrians or the Iraqi. But the Egyptian, during the first thirty years of the twentieth century, was not aware of any particular bond with the Arab East... Egypt sees in the Arab cause a worthy object of real and active sympathy and, at the same time, a great and proper opportunity for the exercise of leadership, as well as for the enjoyment of its fruits. But she is still Egyptian first and Arab only in consequence, and her main interests are still domestic.



It was not until the Nasser era more than a decade later that Arab nationalism became a state policy and a means with which to define Egypt's position in the Middle East and the world, usually articulated vis-à-vis Zionism in the neighbouring Jewish state. For a while Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic, and when the union was dissolved, it eventually gave rise to the current official name, Arab Republic of Egypt. Egypt's attachment to Arabism, however, was particularly questioned after its defeat in the 1967 Six-Day War, when thousands Egyptians lost their lives and the country become disillusioned with Arab politics. Nasser's successor Sadat, both by policy and through his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian particularist orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt was his responsibility, and the terms "Arab", "Arabism" and "Arab unity", save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. Indeed as Egyptian history professor P. J. Vatikiotis explains:



...the impact of the October 1973 War (also known as the Ramadan or Yom Kippur War) found Egyptians reverting to an earlier sense of national identity, that of Egyptianism. Egypt became their foremost consideration and top priority in contrast to the earlier one, preferred by the Nasser régime, of Egypt's role and primacy in the Arab world. This kind of national 'restoration' was led by the Old Man of Egyptian Nationalism, Tawfiq el-Hakim, who in the 1920s and 1930s was associated with the Pharaonist movement.



The question of identity continues to be debated today with many Egyptians perhaps falling somewhere in the middle, considering themselves Egyptian first but finding Egyptian and Arab identities linked and not necessarily incompatible. Others identify themselves mainly on the basis of their religion. The sentiment, however, that Egypt and Egyptians are simply not Arab, emphasizing indigenous Egyptian heritage, culture and independent polity (and even publicly voicing objection to the present official name), is frequently expressed—both by Egyptians themselves, including Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Zahi Hawass, Egyptian-born Harvard University Professor Leila Ahmed, Member of Parliament Suzie Greiss and different local groups and intellectuals; as well as in various other contexts, including Neil DeRosa's novel Joseph's Seed in his illustration of an Egyptian character "who declares that Egyptians are not Arabs and never will be." Egyptian critics of Arab nationalism contend that it has worked to erode and/or relegate native Egyptian identity by superimposing only one aspect of Egypt's culture.



These conflicting views and sources for collective identification in the Egyptian state are captured in the words of a linguistic anthropologist who conducted fieldwork in Cairo:



Egypt has been both a leader of pan-Arabism and a site of intense resentment towards that ideology. Egyptians had to be made, often forcefully, into "Arabs" during the Nasser era because they did not historically identify themselves as such. Egypt was self-consciously a nation not only before pan-Arabism but also before becoming a colony of the British Empire. Its territorial continuity since ancient times, its unique history as exemplified in its pharaonic past and later on its Coptic language and culture, had already made Egypt into a nation for centuries. Egyptians saw themselves, their history, culture and language as specifically Egyptian and not "Arab."

City/Town : Latitude: 30.033333, Longitude: 31.216667


Birth

Matches 1 to 26 of 26

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Birth    Person ID   Tree 
1 Abbas I Hilmi  1813Egypt I670013 Geneagraphie 
2 Amergin Glungheal  Egypt I148004 Geneagraphie 
3 Heber Fionn  Egypt I148014 Geneagraphie 
4 Ptolemy XI Alexander II Pharao  Abt 100 B.C.Egypt I230062 Nederlandse voorouders 
5 Scota  Egypt I114785 Geneagraphie 
6 ben Amminadab, Nahshon  Egypt I114707 Geneagraphie 
7 Nametalla, Marguerite  1901Egypt I739186 Nederlandse voorouders 
8 Of Egypt, Koningin Arsinoe III  246 B.C.Egypt I229987 Nederlandse voorouders 
9 Of Egypt, Koningin Berenike III  120 B.C.Egypt I230061 Nederlandse voorouders 
10 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra II  Abt 185 B.C.Egypt I230053 Nederlandse voorouders 
11 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra III  161 B.C.Egypt I230056 Nederlandse voorouders 
12 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra IV  Abt 130 B.C.Egypt I230059 Nederlandse voorouders 
13 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra Selene I  Abt 135 B.C.Egypt I230060 Nederlandse voorouders 
14 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra V  Abt 110 B.C.Egypt I230064 Nederlandse voorouders 
15 Of Egypt, Cleopatra VI  75 B.C.Egypt I230065 Nederlandse voorouders 
16 Of Egypt, Cleopatra VII  Jan 69 B.C.Egypt I230067 Nederlandse voorouders 
17 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios II  308 B.C.Egypt I230093 Nederlandse voorouders 
18 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios III  Abt 284 B.C.Egypt I230092 Nederlandse voorouders 
19 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios IV  Aft 240 B.C.Egypt I229986 Nederlandse voorouders 
20 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios IX  Abt 140 B.C.Egypt I230057 Nederlandse voorouders 
21 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios V  09 Oct 210 B.C.Egypt I229985 Nederlandse voorouders 
22 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios VI  186 B.C.Egypt I230052 Nederlandse voorouders 
23 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios VII  Abt 162 B.C.Egypt I230055 Nederlandse voorouders 
24 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios VIII  182 B.C.Egypt I230054 Nederlandse voorouders 
25 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios X  Abt 135 B.C.Egypt I230058 Nederlandse voorouders 
26 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios XII  117 B.C.Egypt I230063 Nederlandse voorouders 

Death

Matches 1 to 33 of 33

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Death    Person ID   Tree 
1 Berenike I  Abt 279 B.C.Egypt I230034 Nederlandse voorouders 
2 Berenike II  221 B.C.Egypt I230091 Nederlandse voorouders 
3 Perdiccas General  Abt 320 B.C.Egypt I241809 Nederlandse voorouders 
4 Ptolemy XI Alexander II Pharao  80 B.C.Egypt I230062 Nederlandse voorouders 
5 Adams, Eustace Walter  Sep 1914Egypt I90969 Geneagraphie 
6 Austin, Lucy  July 1869Egypt I715379 Geneagraphie 
7 Coles, Lawrence Willoughby  29 Aug 1941Egypt I143969 Geneagraphie 
8 de Beaujeu, Humbert V  25 Jul 1250Egypt I21776 Geneagraphie 
9 de Lindsay, David  1268Egypt I119729 Geneagraphie 
10 Hicks-Beach, Michael Hugh  23 Apr 1916Egypt I584618 Geneagraphie 
11 Of Egypt, Alexandrion  Aug 30 B.C.Egypt I230069 Nederlandse voorouders 
12 Of Egypt, Koningin Arsinoe III  204 B.C.Egypt I229987 Nederlandse voorouders 
13 Of Egypt, Koningin Berenike III  80 B.C.Egypt I230061 Nederlandse voorouders 
14 Of Egypt, Berenike IV  55 B.C.Egypt I230066 Nederlandse voorouders 
15 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra I  0May 176 B.C.Egypt I229984 Nederlandse voorouders 
16 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra II  116 B.C.Egypt I230053 Nederlandse voorouders 
17 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra III  101 B.C.Egypt I230056 Nederlandse voorouders 
18 Of Egypt, Cleopatra Selene II  6Egypt I230071 Nederlandse voorouders 
19 Of Egypt, Koningin Cleopatra V  Abt 68 B.C.Egypt I230064 Nederlandse voorouders 
20 Of Egypt, Cleopatra VI  57 B.C.Egypt I230065 Nederlandse voorouders 
21 Of Egypt, Cleopatra VII  12 Aug 30 B.C.Egypt I230067 Nederlandse voorouders 
22 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios II  29 Jan 246 B.C.Egypt I230093 Nederlandse voorouders 
23 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios III  221 B.C.Egypt I230092 Nederlandse voorouders 
24 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios IV  204 B.C.Egypt I229986 Nederlandse voorouders 
25 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios IX  Abt 81 B.C.Egypt I230057 Nederlandse voorouders 
26 Of Egypt, Ptolemaios Philadelphos  29 B.C.Egypt I230073 Nederlandse voorouders 
27 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios V  180 B.C.Egypt I229985 Nederlandse voorouders 
28 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios VII  Abt 145 B.C.Egypt I230055 Nederlandse voorouders 
29 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios VIII  26 Jun 116 B.C.Egypt I230054 Nederlandse voorouders 
30 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios X  88 B.C.Egypt I230058 Nederlandse voorouders 
31 Of Egypt, Pharao Ptolemaios XII  51 B.C.Egypt I230063 Nederlandse voorouders 
32 Of Phrygia, Satrap Pharnabazus Ii  Aft 373 B.C.Egypt I187255 Nederlandse voorouders 
33 Of Thracia, Koningin Arsinoe II  270 B.C.Egypt I230094 Nederlandse voorouders 

Prominent People

Matches 1 to 3 of 3

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Prominent People    Person ID   Tree 
1 Merytre-Hatshepsut  1478 BCEgypt I729927 Geneagraphie 
2 Pharaoh Thutmose III  1457 BC - 11 March 1425 BCEgypt I729926 Geneagraphie 
3 Thutmose II  1493 BC-1479 BC.Egypt I729928 Geneagraphie 

Marriage

Matches 1 to 11 of 11

   Family    Marriage    Family ID   Tree 
1 / Of Egypt  Egypt F91009 Nederlandse voorouders 
2 Dennys / Greene  Egypt F148965 Geneagraphie 
3 Of Egypt /   Egypt F91015 Nederlandse voorouders 
4 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F90977 Nederlandse voorouders 
5 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F91003 Nederlandse voorouders 
6 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F91004 Nederlandse voorouders 
7 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F91005 Nederlandse voorouders 
8 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F91006 Nederlandse voorouders 
9 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F91007 Nederlandse voorouders 
10 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F91008 Nederlandse voorouders 
11 Of Egypt / Of Egypt  Egypt F91011 Nederlandse voorouders 
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